The 18th century in England witnessed a significant rise in the popularity and prominence of the novel as a literary form. Several factors contributed to this phenomenon, including the decline of drama, the rise of periodical essays, the availability of ready material, the increasing influence of the common people, the absence of limitations imposed by classicism, and the emergence of realism as a narrative style.
One of the key factors that led to the rise of the novel was the decline in popularity of drama during this period. The Restoration era had seen a flourishing theater scene, but by the 18th century, changes in taste and social dynamics led to a decline in the production and consumption of plays. This created a void in the literary market, which the novel was able to fill. As the demand for dramatic entertainment decreased, people turned to novels as a form of entertainment and escapism.
Another factor that contributed to the rise of the novel was the emergence of periodical essays. Writers such as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele pioneered this form of literature, which consisted of short, topical essays published in regular installments in newspapers and magazines. These essays often explored social issues and provided commentary on contemporary life. The popularity of periodical essays created a demand for longer, more sustained narratives, leading to the development of the novel as a viable literary form.
The availability of ready material also played a role in the rise of the novel. The 18th century was marked by significant social and cultural changes, including the rise of the middle class and the expansion of trade and commerce. These changes brought about a greater diversity of experiences and perspectives, which provided ample material for novelists to draw upon. The novel became a means of exploring and reflecting the complexities of this changing society.
The rise of the common people as a social and cultural force also contributed to the popularity of the novel. As literacy rates increased and reading became more accessible to a wider audience, novels became a form of entertainment and enlightenment for a growing number of people. The novel allowed readers to engage with characters and stories that were relatable and relevant to their own lives, giving them a sense of agency and empowerment.
Furthermore, the absence of limitations imposed by classicism in the 18th century allowed for greater experimentation and innovation in literature. Unlike the strict rules and conventions of classical drama, the novel offered writers the freedom to explore a range of themes, styles, and narrative techniques. This freedom unleashed a wave of creativity and originality, leading to the development of new forms and genres within the novel.
Lastly, the rise of realism as a narrative style in the 18th century also contributed to the popularity of the novel. Realism aimed to depict the world as it truly was, often focusing on the everyday lives of ordinary people. This shift towards realism resonated with readers who sought authenticity and truth in their literature. The novel became a medium through which the complexities and nuances of human experience could be explored and understood.
The rise of the novel in 18th century England can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the decline of drama, the emergence of periodical essays, the availability of ready material, the influence of the common people, the absence of limitations imposed by classicism, and the development of realism as a narrative style. Collectively, these factors created a fertile ground for the novel to flourish and establish itself as a prominent literary form.